Ulcers in the stomach

Ulcers in the stomach

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are painful sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. They are a type of peptic ulcer, which also includes ulcers in the small intestine and esophagus. Stomach ulcers occur when the protective mucus layer of the stomach is weakened, allowing digestive acids to damage the stomach lining.

The most common causes of stomach ulcers are infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or aspirin. Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stress can also contribute to ulcer formation or exacerbate existing ulcers.

Symptoms of stomach ulcers may include a burning pain in the upper abdomen, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. In some cases, ulcers can cause complications such as bleeding, which may be indicated by black or tarry stools or vomit that looks like coffee grounds. Severe ulcers can also lead to perforation (a hole in the stomach wall), causing intense abdominal pain and requiring immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis of stomach ulcers typically involves an endoscopic examination (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) to visualize the ulcer and take tissue samples for biopsy. Additional tests, such as breath, stool, or blood tests, may be used to detect H. pylori infection and confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for stomach ulcers focuses on reducing stomach acid, eradicating H. pylori infection if present, and healing the ulcer. This usually involves medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists to reduce acid production, antibiotics to treat H. pylori, and avoiding irritants like NSAIDs and alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to address complications or ulcers that do not respond to medication.