Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that specifically affects the colon (large intestine) and rectum. It causes chronic inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the lining of the colon, leading to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. The inflammation typically starts in the rectum and can extend continuously along the colon.

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis can include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody or contain mucus), urgency to have bowel movements, and weight loss. Some individuals may also experience fatigue, fever, and joint pain. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may fluctuate, with periods of remission followed by flare-ups.

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to result from an abnormal immune response where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the colon. Genetic factors, environmental triggers, and an imbalance in gut bacteria are believed to contribute to the disease. Family history and certain infections may also play a role.

Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Colonoscopy allows for direct visualization of the colon and rectum and enables the collection of biopsy samples for analysis. Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI may be used to evaluate the extent of the disease and assess for complications. Blood tests and stool tests can help support the diagnosis and monitor disease activity.

Treatment for ulcerative colitis aims to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and maintain remission. Options include medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressors, and biologics. Dietary changes, stress management, and sometimes surgery to remove the colon and rectum may be necessary for severe cases. A comprehensive treatment plan tailored to individual needs is essential for effectively managing ulcerative colitis and improving quality of life.