Neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of tumors that originate from neuroendocrine cells, which are found throughout the body and produce hormones. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the pancreas, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and others. NETs can be either benign or malignant and vary widely in behavior and prognosis.

The exact cause of neuroendocrine tumors is not well understood, but certain genetic conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes and von Hippel-Lindau disease, may increase the risk. Other factors, including chronic exposure to certain hormones or chemicals, may also play a role.

Symptoms of NETs depend on their location and the hormones they produce. For instance, pancreatic NETs may cause symptoms related to excessive hormone secretion, such as insulinomas leading to hypoglycemia. Gastrointestinal NETs might cause abdominal pain, weight loss, or changes in bowel habits. Some NETs are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during imaging for other conditions.

Diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors involves imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, or octreotide scans, which help to locate and assess the extent of the tumors. Biopsy and blood tests measuring hormone levels and tumor markers (like chromogranin A) are used to confirm the diagnosis and characterize the tumor.

Treatment for neuroendocrine tumors varies based on the tumor's type, location, and stage. Options may include surgical resection, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). Managing symptoms and hormone imbalances are also important aspects of treatment. Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential to assess the response to treatment and detect any recurrence.