Lower GI bleeding

Lower GI bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to bleeding that originates from the lower part of the digestive tract, which includes the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus. It can manifest as bright red blood in the stool, dark, tarry stools, or visible blood on toilet paper. The severity of lower GI bleeding can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the source and extent of the bleeding.

Common causes of lower GI bleeding include hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Other causes may include gastrointestinal infections, ischemic colitis, and angiodysplasia (abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract). The presence of blood in the stool or rectal bleeding should be evaluated to determine the underlying cause.

Symptoms of lower GI bleeding can include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, fatigue, and weakness. In cases of significant bleeding, individuals may experience dizziness, lightheadedness, or symptoms of anemia, such as pale skin and shortness of breath. The amount and type of blood observed can provide clues to the source of bleeding, but further investigation is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnosis of lower GI bleeding typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Endoscopy procedures such as colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy allow for direct visualization of the lower GI tract and identification of bleeding sources. Imaging studies like CT scans or angiography may be used to locate the source of bleeding and assess the extent of the problem. Stool tests and blood tests can help evaluate overall health and detect anemia.

Treatment for lower GI bleeding depends on the underlying cause and severity of the bleeding. Management may include medications to control inflammation or infection, endoscopic procedures to stop bleeding or remove polyps, and surgical interventions if necessary. In cases of significant blood loss, blood transfusions and supportive care may be required. Identifying and addressing the cause of bleeding is crucial for effective management and prevention of recurrence.