Cancer of the rectum

Cancer of the rectum

Cancer of the rectum, or rectal cancer, is a type of colorectal cancer that specifically affects the rectum, the final segment of the large intestine leading to the anus. Like colon cancer, rectal cancer often begins as small, benign polyps that can develop into malignant tumors over time. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes.

Several risk factors are associated with rectal cancer, including age (risk increases after 50), a family history of colorectal cancer, certain genetic conditions (like Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis), and lifestyle factors such as a diet high in red or processed meats, lack of physical activity, and smoking. Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, can also increase risk.

Symptoms of rectal cancer can include rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation), and a feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation. Advanced cases may also present with weight loss, fatigue, and anemia. Due to these symptoms often being attributed to other conditions, rectal cancer may not be detected until it is more advanced.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of procedures including a rectal examination, colonoscopy to visualize and biopsy the tumor, and imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, or PET scans to assess the extent of the disease. Blood tests may also be used to check for markers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and to evaluate overall health.

Treatment for rectal cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and may involve a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgical options include local excision for early-stage tumors and more extensive resections for advanced cases. Radiation therapy may be used to shrink tumors before surgery or to target residual cancer. Chemotherapy may be employed to address any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Personalized treatment plans are crucial for achieving the best outcomes and managing the disease effectively.